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Needlessly to say, we found a higher seroprevalence of 58.0% among WLHIV in Johannesburg after two waves of infection. assay and Roche Elecsys? anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody assays. Seropositivity was defined as SARS-CoV-2 antibodies on either (main) or both (secondary) assays. Univariate Poisson regression assessed risk factors associated with seropositivity. Results The median age was 27.4 years, and HIV prevalence was 26.7%. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was 64.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 59.6-68.2%) on the primary and 54% (95% CI: 49.5-58.4%) around the secondary measure. Most (96.6%) women who were SARS-CoV-2-seropositive reported no symptoms. Around the Roche assay, we detected lower seroprevalence among women living with HIV than women without HIV (48.9% vs 61.7%, Wantai or Roche THZ531 Elecsys assay (primary measure), or (ii) detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies on both Wantai and Roche Elecsys assays (secondary measure). The proportion of women with SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection (as explained previously) and associated 95% CI were computed, stratified by HIV and immune status. As a secondary objective of this study, the Roche Elecsys assay was used as the reference to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and unfavorable predictive value with associated 95% CI for the Wantai assay. Although both assays have previously shown good overall performance regarding sensitivity, the Roche Elecsys anti-N assay showed a higher specificity and intraclass correlation coefficient, and thereby, less variability than the Wantai assay in an evaluation of commercially available high-throughput SARS-CoV-2 serologic assays (Stone <0.001) (Supplementary Table 1). Conversation Between March and June 2021, we enrolled 500 pregnant women attending two high-volume antenatal clinics in a densely populated inner-city area of Johannesburg, with an antenatal HIV seroprevalence of about 30%. A high proportion, 64.0%, of pregnant women had evidence of a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. Overall, 96.6% of the seropositive women did not recall having any symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 2020 and the time of enrollment. This serosurvey was conducted between South Africa's second and third waves. Given that IgG antibodies most commonly become detectable at 1-3 weeks after contamination (Sethuraman (2020) reported that 42% seroprevalence after the peak of the first wave of the epidemic among women attending antenatal clinics in Cape Town Metropolitan (Metro) subdistricts. As expected, we found a higher seroprevalence of 58.0% among WLHIV in Johannesburg after two waves of infection. WLHIV with a low CD4 cell count (<350 count/ml) were less likely to Mouse monoclonal antibody to AMPK alpha 1. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the ser/thr protein kinase family. It is the catalyticsubunit of the 5-prime-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is a cellular energy sensorconserved in all eukaryotic cells. The kinase activity of AMPK is activated by the stimuli thatincrease the cellular AMP/ATP ratio. AMPK regulates the activities of a number of key metabolicenzymes through phosphorylation. It protects cells from stresses that cause ATP depletion byswitching off ATP-consuming biosynthetic pathways. Alternatively spliced transcript variantsencoding distinct isoforms have been observed be seropositive around the Roche Elecsys assay (PRR?=?0.39; 95% CI: 0.16-0.98) than women with higher CD4 counts; although, this analysis was restricted to only 57 of the 131 WLHIV, in whom CD4 cell counts were available. In addition to the four THZ531 seropositive cases detected on both assays, the Wantai assay detected an additional three seropositive cases among WLHIV with a low CD4 cell count, most likely due to the Wantai assay measuring anti-S antibodies. Individuals living with HIV who are immunocompromised have been shown to be less likely to THZ531 develop a SARS-CoV-2 antibody response (Meiring et?al., 2022; Wolter et?al., 2022) as well as have lower IgG concentrations and pseudovirus neutralizing antibody titers than individuals without HIV (Spinelli et?al., 2021; Wolter et?al., 2022). In addition, anti-N antibodies have been shown to wane faster than anti-S antibodies THZ531 after contamination (Choudhary et?al., 2021; Lumley et?al., 2021). Therefore, WLHIV who are immunocompromised were less likely to be seropositive and were more likely to test positive around the anti-S assay than the anti-N assay. A combination of the Roche Elecsys and Wantai assays in this study produced a higher yield of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence. Nevertheless, it is possible that serology may underestimate previous contamination among WLHIV, especially those with advanced immunosuppression. Studies evaluating clinical course and pregnancy outcomes in women infected with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy showed high rates of intensive care unit admission, Cesarean section delivery, higher maternal mortality, and preterm delivery (Budhram et?al., 2021; Carrasco et?al., 2021; Della?Gatta et al., 2020). In our study, we were unable to ascertain when SARS-CoV-2 contamination occurred, except in those who reported a positive SARS-CoV-2 antigen.